Tulou of Fujian
Fujian Sheng
The Tulou of Fujian are large, fortified earthen buildings primarily located in Fujian Province, China. These structures serve as communal residences, housing multiple families, often spanning four generations under one roof. Built from unprocessed earth mixed with wood, stone, lime, sand, bamboo, and natural adhesives like glutinous rice soup and egg whites, the Tulou are remarkable for their thick, load-bearing walls designed for defense. Architecturally, they appear as enormous enclosed compounds, often circular or square, with an interior courtyard and multiple floors. The first floor typically contains kitchens and storage, while upper floors serve as living quarters with windows opening outward only from the third floor upwards to enhance security. Originating in the late Tang to early Song dynasties and flourishing during the Ming and Qing periods, the Tulou reflect the Hakka and Minnan people's adaptations to social and security needs during times of conflict and migration. Their design embodies Confucian ideals of extended family living and communal harmony. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008, the Tulou clusters such as Chuxi, Tianluokeng, and Hongkeng are celebrated for their harmonious integration with the mountainous landscape and their cultural significance as a symbol of southern Chinese communal architecture.
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Tip: The best time to visit the Tulou of Fujian is during spring and autumn when the weather is mild and the natural surroundings are most vibrant. Visitors are advised to purchase tickets in advance, especially for popular clusters like Tianluokeng and Chuxi, to avoid long queues. Many Tulou sites offer guided tours that provide deep insights into their history and architecture. Discounts may be available for students, seniors, and groups. Comfortable walking shoes are recommended as exploring the clusters involves some walking over uneven terrain. Photography is encouraged, but please respect residents' privacy as some Tulou are still inhabited.
Interesting facts
- •There are over 3,000 Tulou buildings in Fujian, primarily clustered in Yongding and Nanjing counties.
- •The largest Tulou, the Chengqi Lou, is known as the 'King of Tulou' and contains nearly 400 rooms across four concentric rings.
- •Tulou walls are made from a mixture including red clay, lime, bamboo, glutinous rice soup, and egg whites, providing excellent durability and water resistance.
- •The Tulou architecture combines defensive features with communal living, reflecting Confucian family values.
- •Some Tulou have unique shapes such as octagonal, oval, and the distinctive five-phoenix style resembling an ancient Chinese brush holder.
History
The Tulou of Fujian originated between the late Tang and early Song dynasties, evolving significantly during the Ming and Qing dynasties as a response to warfare and social upheaval.
These communal dwellings were constructed by Han Chinese migrants, particularly the Hakka, who sought refuge in the mountainous regions of southeastern China.
Their design emphasizes defense against bandits and wild animals, featuring thick rammed earth walls and limited external openings.
Over centuries, the Tulou developed from simple circular military fortresses into multi-storied residential complexes housing entire clans.
The architectural style spread throughout Fujian and neighboring Guangdong, becoming a distinctive cultural feature.
In the 20th century, the Tulou gained recognition for their unique construction and social significance, culminating in their inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008.
Place Guide
Chengqi Lou (King of Tulou)1709
The largest and most famous Tulou, Chengqi Lou is a four-story circular building with nearly 400 rooms arranged in four concentric rings. It is a prime example of Tulou defensive and residential architecture.
Tianluokeng Tulou Cluster
A picturesque cluster of five Tulou comprising one square building surrounded by four circular ones, famously called 'Four Dishes and One Soup' due to their layout.
Chuxi Tulou Cluster
A group of Tulou located in Yongding County, known for its well-preserved buildings and traditional Hakka culture.
Hongkeng Tulou Cluster
Located in Yongding County, this cluster includes notable Tulou such as Zhencheng Lou and Fuyu Lou, representing typical Tulou styles.
