Turkmenistan / Türkmenistan
Exploring the Mystical Land of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan, a country nestled in Central Asia, is a land of mystery and intrigue, offering a unique blend of ancient history and modern marvels. Known for its vast deserts and the iconic Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan is a place where time seems to stand still. The country is home to the ancient city of Merv, a UNESCO World Heritage site, which was once one of the largest cities in the world and a major stop on the Silk Road. The capital city, Ashgabat, is a testament to modern architecture with its grandiose marble buildings and the world's largest indoor Ferris wheel. Turkmenistan's culture is deeply rooted in its nomadic heritage, with traditions that have been passed down through generations. The Turkmen people are known for their hospitality, often welcoming visitors with open arms and a cup of traditional green tea. The country's national symbol, the Akhal-Teke horse, is renowned for its speed and beauty, reflecting the pride of the Turkmen people. The country is also famous for its vibrant carpets, which are considered a national treasure and are often used in traditional ceremonies. Turkmenistan's cuisine is a delightful mix of flavors, with dishes like plov and manty offering a taste of the region's rich culinary heritage. Despite its allure, Turkmenistan remains one of the least visited countries in the world, making it a perfect destination for those seeking an off-the-beaten-path adventure. The country's unique blend of history, culture, and natural beauty makes it a fascinating place to explore.
Safety
Turkmenistan is generally considered safe for travelers, with low crime rates. However, visitors should exercise caution in remote areas and be aware of the country's strict laws and regulations. It is advisable to stay informed about local customs and avoid political discussions.
National symbols
The national symbols of Turkmenistan include the Akhal-Teke horse, the Turkmen carpet, and the Ruhnama book. The national flag features a green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls, and a white crescent moon with five stars.
Capital city
Ashgabat / Aşgabat
Visas
Most travelers require a visa to enter Turkmenistan, which must be obtained in advance. Visa-free travel is available for citizens of certain countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, for short stays. A letter of invitation is often required for visa applications.
Customs regulations
Travelers should declare all currency upon entry and exit. Importing and exporting local currency is prohibited. There are restrictions on the import of certain goods, including firearms, drugs, and religious materials. Exporting antiques and cultural artifacts requires special permission.
Prices
Turkmenistan can be expensive for travelers, especially in Ashgabat, where hotel prices are high. However, local food and public transport are relatively affordable. Bargaining is common in markets, and it is advisable to carry cash as credit cards are not widely accepted.
People and nationalities
The Turkmen people are predominantly Muslim, with a strong sense of national identity and pride in their cultural heritage. The society is traditional, with a focus on family and community. Visitors often find the locals to be warm and welcoming.
Weather
Turkmenistan has a desert climate with hot summers and mild winters. The best time to visit is in the spring (April to June) and autumn (September to November) when temperatures are more comfortable. Summers can be extremely hot, especially in the desert regions.
Health
Travelers to Turkmenistan are recommended to have vaccinations for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, typhoid, and rabies. It is also advisable to drink bottled water and be cautious with street food to avoid gastrointestinal issues.
Food
Plov
A traditional rice dish cooked with lamb or beef, carrots, onions, and spices. It is a staple in Turkmen cuisine and often served at celebrations.
Manty
Steamed dumplings filled with minced meat and onions, often served with sour cream or yogurt. A popular dish in Central Asian countries.
Shashlik
Grilled skewers of marinated meat, typically lamb or beef, cooked over an open flame. A common street food enjoyed by locals and visitors alike.
Transport
Public Buses
Public buses are an affordable way to travel within cities. They are often crowded but provide a glimpse into local life.
Taxis
Taxis are widely available in urban areas. It is advisable to agree on a fare before starting the journey as meters are not commonly used.
Domestic Flights
Turkmenistan Airlines offers domestic flights connecting major cities, providing a quick way to cover long distances.
Trains
Trains connect major cities and offer a scenic way to travel across the country. They are relatively inexpensive and comfortable.
What to visit?
History
The region that is now Turkmenistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire, one of the first Persian empires, which was established by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC.
Alexander the Great conquered the region in the 4th century BC, integrating it into his vast empire.
The region became part of the Sassanian Empire, which was the last pre-Islamic Persian empire, known for its achievements in art and architecture.
The Arab conquest of the region brought Islam to Turkmenistan, which became part of the Islamic Caliphate.
The Mongol Empire, led by Genghis Khan, invaded and conquered the region, leading to significant destruction and changes in the local culture and population.
Turkmenistan became part of the Timurid Empire under the rule of Timur (Tamerlane), who was known for his military conquests and cultural achievements.
The region was annexed by the Russian Empire following the Battle of Geok Tepe, marking the beginning of Russian control over Turkmenistan.
Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic.
Turkmenistan declared its independence from the Soviet Union, becoming a sovereign nation.
Saparmurat Niyazov, also known as Turkmenbashi, became the first President of Turkmenistan, establishing a highly centralized and authoritarian regime.
Saparmurat Niyazov passed away, and Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow became the President of Turkmenistan, continuing the authoritarian style of governance.
Serdar Berdimuhamedow, the son of Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, was elected as the President of Turkmenistan, marking a continuation of the Berdimuhamedow family's influence in the country's politics.
Activities
Explore the Ancient City of Merv
Merv is one of the oldest and most significant historical sites in Central Asia, located near the city of Mary. It was a major oasis-city on the Silk Road and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1999. Visitors can explore the ruins of this ancient city, including the impressive Sultan Sanjar Mausoleum, the Great Kyz Kala fortress, and the ancient walls that once protected this thriving metropolis. The best time to visit is during the cooler months from October to April.
Visit the Darvaza Gas Crater
Known as the 'Door to Hell,' the Darvaza Gas Crater is a natural gas field that collapsed into an underground cavern in 1971, and has been burning ever since. Located in the Karakum Desert, this fiery crater is a mesmerizing sight, especially at night when the flames illuminate the surrounding desert. Visitors can camp nearby to experience the surreal beauty of the crater under the stars. The best time to visit is during the spring and autumn months when the desert temperatures are more moderate.
Discover the White Marble City of Ashgabat
Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, is renowned for its extravagant white marble buildings and grandiose architecture. Visitors can explore the city's numerous monuments, such as the Independence Monument, the Neutrality Arch, and the Turkmenbashi Ruhy Mosque. The city also offers a variety of museums, including the National Museum of History and the Carpet Museum, which showcase the rich cultural heritage of Turkmenistan. The city is best explored in the spring or autumn when the weather is pleasant.
Relax at the Avaza National Tourist Zone
Located on the Caspian Sea coast, Avaza is a modern resort area designed to attract tourists with its luxury hotels, sandy beaches, and recreational facilities. Visitors can enjoy water sports, relax on the beach, or take a boat tour along the Caspian Sea. The area also features a variety of restaurants and entertainment options. The best time to visit Avaza is during the summer months when the weather is ideal for beach activities.
Hike in the Kopet Dag Mountains
The Kopet Dag Mountains, which form the natural border between Turkmenistan and Iran, offer stunning landscapes and a variety of hiking opportunities. The mountains are home to diverse flora and fauna, and hikers can explore scenic trails that lead to picturesque valleys and peaks. The region is also rich in cultural history, with ancient petroglyphs and ruins scattered throughout the area. The best time for hiking is in the spring and autumn when the temperatures are cooler and the scenery is lush.