Temple of Water
Zaghouan
The Temple of Water, also known as the Zaghouan Sacred Fountain, is an ancient Roman structure built over the main spring that fed the Zaghouan Aqueduct, one of the longest aqueducts of the Roman Empire. Located on an artificial terrace in the Djebel Zaghouan mountain range, the temple features a crescent-shaped portico and a central cella from which the spring emerges. Its architecture includes a core of Roman concrete covered with limestone bossages, sandstone columns supporting vaulted travertine ceilings, and marble cladding in the cella. The portico floor was originally decorated with mosaics, while the water basin beneath the terrace served to collect and purify water before it entered the aqueduct channel. This fountain was a significant sacred site in ancient North Africa, symbolizing the vital connection between water and the prosperity of Carthage. The aqueduct carried water over 132 km to Carthage, with a minimal gradient engineered to maintain flow by gravity alone. The site also includes niches that once held statues, and the overall design reflects advanced Roman engineering and religious reverence for water sources. A second, less prominent spring was later added in the Severan period at Djouggar to supplement the water supply.
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Tip: The best time to visit the Temple of Water is during the spring and autumn months when the weather is mild. Visitors should consider purchasing tickets in advance during peak tourist seasons to ensure entry. Guided tours are recommended to fully appreciate the historical and architectural significance of the site. Comfortable walking shoes are advised due to the terrain around the fountain and aqueduct remains. There may be discounts available for students, seniors, or groups, so inquire locally. Early morning visits can provide a quieter experience and better lighting for photography.
Interesting facts
- •The Zaghouan Aqueduct is among the longest Roman aqueducts, stretching approximately 132 km from Zaghouan to Carthage.
- •The Temple of Water features a crescent-shaped portico with 26 sections divided by engaged columns and niches for statues that no longer survive.
- •The aqueduct's water channel drops only 264 meters over its entire length, with an average gradient of 0.3%, demonstrating precise Roman engineering.
- •The vaulted ceilings of the portico were made of porous travertine sealed with waterproof opus signinum and covered in marble.
- •The water basin beneath the artificial terrace served both as a collection point and a natural purifier by allowing impurities to settle before water entered the aqueduct.
- •The aqueduct discharged between 200 and 370 liters of water per second, sufficient to supply the large Baths of Antonius in Carthage.
History
The Temple of Water was constructed during the Roman period as the source structure for the Zaghouan Aqueduct, which was built to supply Carthage with a reliable water source.
The aqueduct's construction is linked to the early 2nd century AD, possibly inspired by Emperor Hadrian's visit in 128 AD and the subsequent need to alleviate water shortages.
Later, in the Severan period, a second spring at Djouggar was incorporated into the aqueduct system.
Over centuries, the aqueduct served as a critical infrastructure, supporting Carthage's urban needs and the famous Baths of Antonius.
The aqueduct and its source fountain exemplify Roman engineering prowess and the integration of sacred architecture with practical utility.
Place Guide
Sacred Fountain Terrace2nd century AD
An artificial terrace housing the main spring, open to the north and enclosed by a crescent-shaped portico on the south side. This area was central to the aqueduct's water collection and purification.
Crescent-Shaped Portico2nd century AD
A 4-meter-wide semi-circular portico supported by engaged and full sandstone columns which once held a vaulted peristyle ceiling. The floor was originally decorated with mosaic tiles.
Central Cella2nd century AD
The cella is the focal point of the temple, constructed from limestone and clad in marble, from which the spring water emerged.
Water Basin2nd century AD
Located beneath the terrace, this basin collected water from multiple springs and served to purify it by allowing sediments to settle before the water entered the aqueduct channel.
