Constitution Hill
Gauteng
Constitution Hill is a significant heritage site in Johannesburg, South Africa, encompassing the Constitutional Court, the Old Fort Prison, and a museum. Originally a fort built between 1896 and 1899 by Paul Kruger to protect the South African Republic, it later became a notorious prison complex known as Number Four. The site held political activists opposing apartheid, including Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, and other prominent figures, earning it the nickname "The Robben Island of Johannesburg." The complex includes the Women's Gaol and awaiting-trial blocks, reflecting the harsh conditions endured by prisoners, such as overcrowding and humiliations like the "Tauza" dance. After the prison closed in 1983, the site was preserved and transformed into a museum in 2004. The Constitutional Court building, opened in 2004, incorporates elements of the old prison, symbolizing South Africa's progress from oppression to democracy. The court also hosts an art gallery with over 200 contemporary South African artworks. Constitution Hill stands as a powerful symbol of justice, human rights, and the country's democratic values.
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Tip: Visit Constitution Hill during weekdays to attend public court hearings or guided tours of the prison museums. Purchase tickets in advance online to avoid queues. Discounts are available for students, seniors, and groups. Early morning visits are recommended for a more reflective experience and cooler temperatures.
Interesting facts
- •Constitution Hill was declared a World Heritage Site in 2024 as part of the Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites.
- •The Constitutional Court building was constructed using bricks from the demolished awaiting-trial wing of the former Number Four prison.
- •Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned at Constitution Hill in 1906 during his activism in South Africa.
- •The site is often called "The Robben Island of Johannesburg" due to its role in imprisoning anti-apartheid activists.
- •The Flame of Democracy was lit in 2011 to commemorate the 15th anniversary of South Africa's constitution.
History
Constitution Hill began as a fort built from 1896 to 1899 by Paul Kruger to defend against British invasion.
It was converted into a prison complex known as Number Four, originally housing white male prisoners.
Over time, it expanded to include cells for black prisoners, women, and awaiting-trial detainees.
During apartheid, it became a detention center for political dissidents, including Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi.
The prison was closed in 1983, declared a National Monument in 1964, and later transformed into a museum and the home of the Constitutional Court, which opened in 2004.
Place Guide
Old Fort Prison1896-1899
Built between 1896 and 1899, the Old Fort was originally a military fortification and later converted into a prison that held British invaders and Boer leaders during the Anglo-Boer War. Visitors can explore the preserved cells and learn about the harsh conditions faced by prisoners.
Number Four Prison1892 (original prison), expanded late 19th century
Known as the main prison block, Number Four housed white male prisoners initially, later expanded to detain black prisoners under harsh and overcrowded conditions. It is infamous for the brutal treatment of inmates, including political activists during apartheid.
Women's Gaol1907
Added in 1907, the Women's Gaol detained women prisoners, many arrested for offenses such as illegal brewing, interracial relationships, and homosexual acts. The gaol highlights the gendered nature of apartheid-era repression.
Awaiting Trial Block1920s
Constructed in the 1920s, this block held prisoners awaiting trial, often in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. It symbolizes the prolonged detentions and injustices faced by many under apartheid laws.
Constitutional Court Building2004
Opened in 2004, the court building incorporates remnants of the old prison, including stairwells, symbolizing the transformation from oppression to democracy. It houses South Africa's highest court and an art gallery featuring over 200 contemporary artworks by prominent South African artists.
Contact
Phone: 011 381 3100
