Erbil Citadel
Arbīl
The Citadel of Erbil, locally known as Qellat, is a historic tell located in the center of Erbil, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It is recognized as one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban settlements globally, with occupation dating back to at least the 5th millennium BC. The citadel covers an oval area approximately 430 by 340 meters and rises 25 to 32 meters above the surrounding plain. Throughout its long history, it has been a significant cultural and religious center, especially during the Neo-Assyrian period when it was renowned for the worship of the goddess Ishtar. The citadel's importance continued through various empires including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Medes, Achaemenids, Seleucids, and later under the Abbasid Caliphate. Despite damage and urban modifications in the 20th century, the citadel retains its historical core, notably the surviving Mulla Afandi Mosque. The site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014, highlighting its exceptional archaeological and cultural value. Visitors can appreciate the citadel's layered history, architectural remains, and its role as a symbol of Erbil's identity and resilience.
Plan your trip to Iraq with AI
Create a detailed itinerary in minutes. AI suggests the best places, restaurants, and an optimized route.
Tip: Visitors should plan to visit during cooler months to avoid the intense summer heat. It is recommended to check for guided tours that provide historical context to enhance the experience. Advance ticket purchase is advised when available, especially during peak tourist seasons. Modest entrance fees may apply, with possible discounts for students and seniors. Comfortable footwear is recommended due to uneven surfaces on the mound. Photography is allowed but inquire locally about any restrictions.
Interesting facts
- •The Citadel of Erbil is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the world, with occupation dating back to the 5th millennium BC.
- •The site was first mentioned in historical records around 2300 BC in the Ebla tablets as Irbilum.
- •During the Neo-Assyrian period, the city was a major religious center dedicated to the goddess Ishtar of Erbil.
- •The citadel mound rises up to 32 meters above the surrounding plain, covering an area of approximately 102,000 square meters.
- •The Mulla Afandi Mosque is the only surviving religious structure atop the citadel mound.
- •The citadel was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014 due to its exceptional cultural and historical significance.
History
The Citadel of Erbil has been continuously inhabited since at least the 5th millennium BC, making it one of the oldest urban settlements in the world.
It first appears in historical records around 2300 BC in the Ebla tablets as Irbilum.
Over millennia, it was controlled by various empires including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Neo-Assyrians, Medes, and Achaemenids.
In the Hellenistic period it was known as Arabella or Arbela.
The citadel was an important religious center, particularly for the goddess Ishtar during the Neo-Assyrian era.
It later became a Christian center under the Sassanids and Abbasids.
The Mongol conquest in 1258 marked a decline in its prominence.
Significant urban changes in the 20th century altered parts of the citadel's structure.
In 2014, it gained UNESCO World Heritage status recognizing its outstanding historical importance.
Place Guide
Mulla Afandi MosqueUnknown
The only surviving religious structure on the citadel, this mosque represents the Islamic architectural heritage of the site and serves as a focal point for visitors exploring the religious history of Erbil.
