Termessos
Mediterranean Region
Termessos is an ancient Pisidian city located at about 1000 meters altitude on the southwestern slopes of Güllük Mountain in Turkey's Taurus range. Founded by the Solymi, a people mentioned by Homer, it was known for its strategic mountain position and formidable natural defenses. The city famously resisted Alexander the Great's siege in 333 BC, earning his respect as an 'eagle's nest' due to its impregnable location. Termessos flourished under Roman rule, maintaining a degree of independence and developing a vibrant urban life evidenced by its well-preserved ruins. Visitors can explore monumental structures such as the Ionian temple, gymnasium, agora with its Doric stoa, theatre overlooking the Gulf of Antalya, and a sophisticated sewer system. The city’s integration of natural terrain with urban architecture makes it unique among ancient sites. Its preservation owes much to its abandonment and the protection afforded by its rugged setting, now part of the Mount Güllük-Termessos National Park.
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Tip: The best time to visit Termessos is during the spring and autumn months when weather conditions are mild. The site is open daily from 8:00 to 17:00, with the ticket office closing at 15:30. Visitors are advised to wear sturdy footwear due to uneven terrain and to bring water. Purchasing tickets in advance or using the Museum Card (valid for Turkish citizens) can facilitate entry. The site is accessible via a special road from the Antalya-Korkuteli highway, with parking available near the entrance.
Interesting facts
- •Alexander the Great attempted to besiege Termessos in 333 BC but failed due to the city's natural fortifications.
- •Termessos is often called an 'eagle's nest' because of its high elevation and strategic mountain location.
- •The city was built on a natural platform on the slopes of Güllük Mountain, reaching up to 1665 meters at the summit.
- •Termessos has never been formally excavated but has been extensively surveyed, revealing over a thousand inscriptions.
- •The city's sewer system was highly advanced for its time, with canals still visible today.
- •Coins from Termessos often depict Zeus Solymeus, reflecting the local deity worshipped there.
History
Termessos was founded by the Solymi, an ancient Anatolian people, and is first historically noted during Alexander the Great's campaign in 333 BC when it successfully resisted his siege.
The city later came under Ptolemaic control and was ruled by Amyntas of Galatia from 36 to 25 BC.
During the Roman Empire, Termessos maintained a level of independence, as indicated by its coinage.
The city was never resettled after abandonment, preserving its ruins through the centuries.
Its history beyond the Roman period is less documented, with limited information on its Byzantine status.
Place Guide
Ionian Temple2nd century CE
Located near the city entrance, this temple features a monumental Ionic style entrance built during Emperor Hadrian's reign, marking the start of the ancient city ruins.
GymnasiumHellenistic period
An extensive complex with multiple rooms and halls, partially preserved with some of the first floor surviving, used for physical and intellectual training by the city's youth.
Agora and Doric Stoa2nd century BC
The agora served as the city's central public space with a Doric order portico built during the reign of Attalos II (159-138 BC) providing shelter and space for commerce and social activities.
TheatreHellenistic period
Built into the slope overlooking the Gulf of Antalya, the theatre was used for performances and gatherings, showcasing excellent acoustics and panoramic views.
Bouleuterion (Assembly Building)Hellenistic period
Located southwest of the theatre, this building was used for city council meetings and political gatherings, notable for its preserved roof height.
