El Tatio Geysers
Antofagasta
El Tatio Geysers is a vast geothermal field situated at 4,320 meters above sea level in the Andes Mountains of northern Chile. It is the third-largest geyser field globally and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere, featuring around 80 active geysers and numerous hot springs. The geysers emit water at temperatures near boiling point for this altitude, averaging about 86°C, with eruptions typically reaching heights around 76 centimeters, though some can reach up to 5 meters. The area is geologically significant, lying within the Central Volcanic Zone and flanked by prominent stratovolcanoes such as Cerro Deslinde and Volcan Tatio. The geothermal activity is fueled by volcanic heat sources associated with a complex of calderas and ignimbrites formed by supereruptions millions of years ago. El Tatio's hydrothermal vents support unique extremophile microorganisms, making it a subject of astrobiological research as an analogue for early Earth and potential Martian life. The field is accessible by road and footpaths, located near towns like San Pedro de Atacama and Calama, and is a major tourist destination attracting about 100,000 visitors annually. The site also holds cultural significance, with historical Inca trails crossing the area and ancient mountain sanctuaries nearby. Despite past geothermal power development attempts, the field remains primarily a natural attraction renowned for its scenic terraces, sinter formations, and dynamic geyser activity.
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Tip: The best time to visit El Tatio is early in the morning before sunrise when the geysers are most active and visible due to the cold air. Visitors should book tours or transportation in advance, as the site is remote and at high altitude, requiring acclimatization. It is recommended to dress warmly and bring water and sun protection. Entrance fees may apply, with discounts often available for students and seniors. Guided tours provide safety and educational insights into the geothermal phenomena and local ecology.
Interesting facts
- •El Tatio is the third-largest geyser field in the world and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere.
- •It hosts about 80 active geysers, representing roughly 8% of the world's total geysers.
- •The geysers' water temperature reaches around 86°C, which is the boiling point at this high altitude (4,320 m).
- •El Tatio's geothermal vents harbor extremophile microorganisms, studied as analogues for early Earth and potential life on Mars.
- •The name 'El Tatio' comes from the Kunza language and has been interpreted as 'oven,' 'to appear,' or 'grandfather whose tears form the geysers.'
- •The geothermal field lies within a tectonic graben about 4 km wide and 6 km long, flanked by volcanic mountain ranges.
- •Some geysers have predictable eruption intervals, and the tallest recorded geyser eruption reached up to 5 meters.
- •The area was historically crossed by an Inca trail and hosted mountain sanctuaries, indicating its cultural importance.
History
El Tatio's geyser field has been known since at least the late 19th century, with early scientific mentions dating back to the 1920s and more systematic research conducted between 1967 and 1982.
The name "El Tatio" derives from the nearly extinct Kunza language, meaning 'oven,' 'to appear,' or 'grandfather,' reflecting local indigenous cultural interpretations.
The geothermal field developed over millions of years within a tectonic graben flanked by volcanic formations, with heat sources linked to supervolcanic calderas active between 10 and 1 million years ago.
Attempts to harness geothermal energy in the area were made during the 20th century but ceased after a significant well blowout in 2009 that sparked controversy.
The field remains a protected natural landmark and a vital site for scientific and tourist interest.
Place Guide
Main Terrace (Terraza Principal)
The largest and most active area of the geyser field, covering about 5 square kilometers, featuring the highest geysers including some that reach up to 5 meters. It is characterized by extensive sinter terraces and the greatest concentration of active geysers with some predictable eruption patterns.
Middle Terrace (Terraza Media)
A silica-rich flat area south of the main terrace, known for pools up to 3 meters deep with short, continuous, and erratic geyser eruptions resembling fountains.
Lower Terrace (Terraza Inferior or Grupo del Río)
Located near the Rio Salado about 2 kilometers downstream from the middle terrace, this zone has fewer silica deposits and features some geysers erupting from river channels, sometimes expelling sediments onto the riverbanks.
Contact
Phone: 9 5215 4756
